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References ................................................................................................................................................................................. 92
             4.7 Treatment recommendations to prevent relapse to smoking ..................................................................................... 93
             References ................................................................................................................................................................................. 94
             4.8 Treatment recommendations in special situations and population groups at risk .................................................. 94
             4.8.1. Treatment recommendations for pregnant women .................................................................................................. 95
             References ................................................................................................................................................................................. 95
             4.8.2. Treatment recommendations for young people under 18 ........................................................................................ 95
             References ................................................................................................................................................................................. 98
             4.8.3. Treatment recommendations for smokers with respiratory, cardiovascular,
             psychiatric, cancer and other comorbidities ......................................................................................................................... 99
             References ............................................................................................................................................................................... 104
             4.8.4 Recommendations to approach post-smoking cessation weight gain ................................................................. 105
             References ............................................................................................................................................................................... 106

          5.0 Research and Scientific Recommendations for Evaluating Smoking Cessation ................................................... 107
             5.1. Criteria for clinical research in smoking cessation .................................................................................................... 108
             5.2 Cost-effectiveness of tobacco dependence therapies ................................................................................................. 108
             References ............................................................................................................................................................................... 110
             5.3 Recommendations about implementation of smoking cessation guidelines ......................................................... 110
          References ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 111
          5.4 Recommended Scientific Literature Resources on Smoking Cessation ......................................................................... 111

          PART THREE
          6.0 Recommendations to train health professionals in the treatment of tobacco use and dependence and
          quality standards for tobacco cessation specialists and tobacco cessation services ................................................ 113
             6.1 Recommendations for criteria of standard smoking cessation expertise training................................................. 116
             6.2 Recommendations to develop smoking cessation curricula for medical university graduates in Europe ......... 117
             6.3 Recommendations to develop smoking cessation curricula for medical university
             postgraduates in Europe – Certificate Programme ........................................................................................................... 119
             References ............................................................................................................................................................................... 121
             6.4 Recommendations to develop smoking cessation curricula for other categories of professionals
             involved in delivering smoking cessation in Europe: psychologists, nurses, health policy-makers ......................... 121
             References ............................................................................................................................................................................... 121
             6.5. Training standards for tobacco cessation clinicians ................................................................................................... 122
             6.6 Quality standards in tobacco dependence treatment .................................................................................................. 123
             References ............................................................................................................................................................................... 126
             6.7 Requirements for accreditation of specialized tobacco cessation service ............................................................... 126
             6.7.1 Three levels of tobacco cessation services  ............................................................................................................... 126
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             6.7.2 Accreditation of specialized tobacco cessation units ................................................................................................ 127
             References ............................................................................................................................................................................... 130

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